Final Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Last Project - Essay Example So as to change vision into circumstance, it is vital that that vision is first changed to the utilitarian level since it would some way or another be hard to assemble and propel representatives if something is constrained onto them from the top. (Kotelnikov). Along these lines so as to change over the vision into circumstance, first thing which must be considered is the way that whether the proposed change would be adequate down the line and in the event that not, at that point what top administration of the association need to make it worthy inside the association. The administrator’s choice to transform vision into circumstance is the thing that pioneers are known for. A decent chief and a decent pioneer consistently make openings. Since the serious condition where minimal effort specialist co-ops are now there with great market infiltration, it takes a ton of fearlessness to transform the serious dangers into the open doors for the association. For an adaptable association, the quality of the association is in the way that how quickly and rapidly it can change over its vision into circumstances and openings into constant business activities to determine an incentive for the association. â€Å"The structure of an association is the way wherein different sub-units are masterminded and between related.† (FAO) Therefore considering the above activity of the head to secretive the vision into circumstance will strongly affect the authoritative structure. There are different hierarchical structures running from line structures to increasingly complex natural structures of the associations. From the given data, it appears that the association has a useful structure and it will have most contact with the choice of the head to go for the supplier based administrations. Since this sort of association needs to depend on the specialized abilities of its different staff accordingly a useful structure would be generally influenced. So as to survey the

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Sop for Masters in Vlsi Essay Example

Sop for Masters in Vlsi Essay I need to seek after a MS degree in Electrical Computer Engineering with a specialization in computerized VLSI structure as it will assist me with understanding my objective of turning into a chip configuration engineer with the flexibility to deal with front-end and back-end VLSI plans sooner rather than later. I am enthusiastic about developing superior and low force VLSI frameworks and discover the procedure engaged with producing new advanced rationale strategies to be incredibly testing and satisfying. My under-graduate program in Electronics Communication at Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad secured different center subjects in particular VLSI Design, Electronic Devices Circuits, Pulse Digital Circuits, Microprocessors Microcontrollers and so on. This was related to the lab seminars on Digital Signal Processing, Analog Digital IC applications and Microprocessors Microcontrollers. Moreover, the work I did during the senior year in planning recreating the simple and advanced coordinated circuits utilizing Pspice and Xilinx ISE programming gave me a decent outline of VLSI structure, amalgamation and execution forms. The very much idea out course structure empowered the smooth progress among hypothetical and useful courses and helped me score 72. 54 % with unique excellence. The aptitudes that I have grown so far have spurred me to deal with a venture that underscored the significance of computerized VLSI in the development of memory chips and microcontrollers. We will compose a custom paper test on Sop for Masters in Vlsi explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Sop for Masters in Vlsi explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Sop for Masters in Vlsi explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Our group effectively actualized the significant venture â€Å"Aid for daze individuals utilizing picture processing† which included building up an exploring help utilizing elements of OpenCV library for continuous picture preparing. With the nature picked up on microcontroller engineering and its interfacing with different modules, for example, console, USART utilizing low level computing construct and C programming in keil, we interfaced the 32-piece ARM9 with LCD show, Analog-to Digital-to-Analog Converters, Universal Serial Bus, UART and RS232 sequential port. As the undertaking group pioneer, my essential errand was to plan a 6 layer printed circuit board for 32-piece ARM9 microcontroller utilizing Cadence. With my venture advisor’s help with format steering methods for fast structure, I prevailing with regards to diminishing the clamor somewhat (lt; 20dB) and crosstalk by appointing separate ground planes under the simple advanced segments and expanding the separation between equal follows diminishing the separation among follow and ground plane. Aside from giving me the collaboration abilities and hands-on involvement with physical structure robotization, the undertaking work likewise uncovered the holes in my insight in the space of cutting edge VLSI plan ideas, for example, Design systems - programmable rationale gadgets (PLDs) like FPGAs, Complex PLDs; standard cell, full-specially crafts; CMOS/BiCMOS advances their format methods their job in the improvement of high commotion safe low force VLSI circuits and Physical Design Automation. The VLSI Design, Design Analysis of Digital Integrated Circuits, VLSI Architecture courses instructed at the **** University spread numerous subjects that help address the holes in regions where I do not have the important skill. The alumni studies would likewise give me more introduction and more prominent comprehension of points like Digital Application Specific Integrated Circuits Design, Reconfigurable processing including Field Programmable Gate Arrays and System on Chip (SoC) structure. An exhaustive information on these particular themes would assist me with pursueing my prompt profession objective of turning into a back-end configuration engineer chipping away at physical VLSI plan and advanced planning control rationale structures. I pick **** University as my ideal goal for seeking after alumni examines as a result of its incredible inside and out course structure and arrangement of my expert advantages in zones of advanced front-end and back-end plans of CMOS based elite and low force VLSI with the work being carried on in the fields, for example, Digital CMOS structure, Physical Design Automation, High Speed Digital Systems. The exploration movement at **** Lab on Low-force and High-speed VLSI plan and Physical CAD devices will assist me with concentrating inside and out the structure of Low force High execution VLSI frameworks and Physical Design Automation. The propelled abilities I would get here would give me the skill to satisfy my vocation yearnings. I am certain that the firm establishing I have gotten so far in ideas of microcontroller engineering and VLSI configuration would assist me with being effective in master’s program in Electrical Computer Engineering at **** University.

towards Vietnam

In 1961, under the President-boat of Kennedy, America accepting the center way as viewed as the most helpful approach to explain emergencies in Vietnam. This center way included sending of apparatus and consultants rather than enormous scope troops as was proposed in White Paper or as was being suggested by his advocators on an exchange table. This choice demonstrated purposeless as it agreed the expansion in the odds of achievement of NLF.As increasingly more news started to pour in, strain emerged in Kennedy’s government apparatus and they heightened upon an arrangement of giving â€Å"Safe Hamlets† to the townspeople created by GVN. The primary design was to isolate them from NLF, however this system also didn't go to toward any path, as this brought about estranging residents further from the Saigon system. This arrangement however helped GVN in arriving at open country yet amusingly delivered more frameworks for the NLF. The long stretches of war between 1963-1968 in Vietnam were viewed as the long periods of Escalation and Americanization.In 1963, as NLF was going towards triumph, Diem’s sibling, Ngo Dinh Nhu, assaulted Buddhist pagodas of South Vietnam; this brought about enormous fights in the city of Saigon, and a few Buddhist priests submitted self-immolation. This made Kennedy to send in overthrow around the same time. In any case, a portion of the Diem’s own commanders in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) moved toward Kennedy looking for solicitation to topple Diem and on first November 1963, Deim and his sibling was captured and afterward killed.But following three weeks, President Kennedy excessively was killed at Dallas. At the hour of his death, there were 16,000 counsels. In spite of the fact that Kennedy’s arrangement was very little effective yet he had the option to proceed with his war with almost no military mediation, however when new president, Lyndon Baines Johnson assumed control over, his co nviction and approach made him to show world, the military may of America. He took the firm stand and encouraged for achieving more powers after the attack of DAV on two of US delivers in the Gulf of Tonkin shook him.But taking a gander at the methodologies being received by Communists parties making deterrents in the war just as in the political endeavors of United States, the Johnson organization also upheld what they named as â€Å"cold blood† system a war however with next to no assets and little impact on their own country. In any case, this likewise demonstrated useless, as this war made an unfavorable impact on their household front to the degree that Mr. Johnson had to think on the local results of all his majors decision.In 1964, Washington had made all the arrangements to send every military quality as counter to Tonkin Gulf episode. By 1968, circumstance turned out to be more regrettable when DRV and the NLF drove brought together assaults on the most significant s outhern urban communities, which were known as Tet hostile in the West; its principle reason for existing was to persuade Johnson to sit on for exchanges. Despite the fact that socialists were vanquished in fight yet it was mental triumph for them. As Johnson was completely troubled by the overwhelming load of war and besides restriction from his home front settled on him take a choice that made all the activities of past Presidents futile.He chose not to help re-assignment of Democratic Party for president and was all set in for dealings with socialists to stop war. In 1968, mystery dealings were begun to end the war yet soon Republican challenger Nixon assumed control over the charge of President-transport who declared to have a mystery intend to stop war. Be that as it may, this mystery plan was nothing else then the key moves of Lyndon Johnson. He started what was named as procedure of â€Å"Vietnamization† to bring to the ears of his own power that no Vietnamese was batt ling in wildernesses of Southeast Asia and passing on there.This made the replacement of air wars over the American soldiers who got back. Nixon expanded the air assaults over DRV and for ground fight sent, ARVN. He additionally assaulted Laus and Cambodia to put a hindrance and a conclusion to the socialists gracefully courses and their protected havens. This was infringement of the worldwide privileges of these nations. The air war had an almost no impact on Communists, however they proceeded with their endeavors to set an ever increasing number of expectations in Paris. Despite the fact that Nixon’s approach made pundits yet his rehashed assaults as a defensive spread for the retreat of American soldiers disturbed U.S residents and cleared the way for the U. S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger and DRV agents Xuan Thuy and Le Duc to think on tranquil lines of Paris. Many owe the vital inability to President Lyndon Johnson’s strategies, as it was during his residenc y that America saw a large portion of setbacks. Be that as it may, as per Jeffrey Kimball, President Nixon was answerable for these conditions of issues. He wrote in his much provocative book â€Å"Nixon's Vietnam War 1998†, that President Nixon must be held, capable and responsible, for the failure.It was very obvious that America made wrong evaluation of the solid folds of North Vietnamese in their dirt and attempted to determine the issue with military quality, which was in itself an off-base move. Kimball contended that when Nixon assumed control over the workplace, he knew about the way that this war couldn't be won militarily yet he turn for war in light of the fact that just by demonstrating their strength, they could compel Hanoi into dealings ideal for Nixon’s perspective on good harmony. His announcement depended on the United States enthusiasm at the universal level and on attributable to his re-appointment. 4 Accordingly they needed to embrace the President -boat of Thieu.This gadget was a procedure to remove America from Vietnam on certain footing, yet there were numerous questionable in-connecting parts like hazard from China, a few plans of arrangements, impact on social orders and Vietnamization and so on, and all didn't end up being as viable as should be. He accepted his political accomplishment to be founded on the crazy person hypothesis: the endeavors to make his adversaries believe that his resistance for socialism was solid to such an extent that he could go to any degree like put in most extreme power that would not exclusively be in like manner lopsided in size yet additionally incredibly dangerous.5 Along with this, there was sure component of vulnerability, a strategy driving foes to think on large number lines on one subject to confound them. The years, 1962 to1969 were the long stretches of incredible disappointment and American’s key misnomers on the Vietnam soils. Vietnam going through the key impact of three American systems just fought back harsher. Despite the fact that the Nixon approach additionally couldn't be considered as full achievement yet his system in any event cleared the way for both himself and Kissinger imagine that as well as could be expected have done was to guarantee Thieu government a â€Å"decent interval† 6 of security once Americans would leave Vietnam.Bibliography Brigham, Robert, Battlefield Vietnam: A Brief History, PBS. organization. , <http://www. pbs. organization/battlefieldvietnam/history/record. html> (1 March 2008) Daum, Andreas Gardner, Lloyd and Mausbach, Wilfried, America, the Vietnam War, and the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Kimball, Jeffrey, Nixon’s Vietnam War 1998, Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1998.

We only belong because we think we do Free Essays

Consider the possibility that the world was a major disillusionment. Imagine a scenario where the manner in which the world we espied wasn’t that anticipated. The deepest desires made to satisfy the vacancy has moved and shaped the view of humanity to imagine that there is an inborn capacity to exist with the collusion of others, for example, with individuals of the equivalent gender,age,interests and in particular culture. Anthropologists and analysts suggest that Homo Sapiens are not brought into the world a self, rather oneself is debilitated by the environmental factors the individual is presented to, known as the ‘significant other’. The huge different alludes to ‘nuclear family, at the end of the day the family you were naturally introduced to that comprises of-much of the time †a mother, a dad and sibling(s). We will compose a custom article test on We just have a place since we figure we do or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now Along these lines, outer sources have an effect too, for example, the ‘modern self. The cutting edge self consolidates thoughts, for example, language, musings and status that will make the ‘self be positioned. Further expounding the supposed ‘modern self gatherings people around them into a chain of importance of the developed completely through to the not all that develops †savage. Regardless of whether development happened or not of chimps changing into people, and whether e concur with it or not, numerous noteworthy correlations can’t be gotten from that hypothesis. A huge idea of mankind in regards to skin shading can be coordinated to Edward Thorniness hypothesis of preliminary and error’. What does this hypothesis recommend? Rehashed mistakes proceed until progress whenever came to. Mistake, change in the human body more than once happened during the past couple of billion years until ‘success’ was at last reached; the present human body. Indeed entirely far from being obviously true, yet we can just take this sad and execute it into our lives. Disappointment, I'm not catching it's meaning? More often than not titer discouraging, isn't that so? Be that as it may, if disappointment is seen from a similar edge it was seen during the investigation of development, it tends to be extraordinary. Disappointment prompted achievement. Which implies, in fact there is nothing amiss with coming up short, on the off chance that you contributed an adequate measure of exertion. Sander’s inability to be named White’ instead of ‘colored’ was a comparable impact of experimentation hypothesis. The to and fro grouping of Sander’s ‘label’ is a thought process of disappointment. Individuals, for example, Sandra that Todd facing the law leaded the inability to success’ in the time now. Through the hardships and separation that they confronted helped those individuals in realizes that society will generally be regarded and to be seen that they are Just equivalent to White’ individuals in spite of the being an alternate shading. The two not at all like thoughts of the White’ and ‘colored’ society joining fizzled, in any case, Sandra thought that it was less muddled and simpler to adjust to the dark society than the white race, paying little heed to the disservices she needed to look all through time. Sander’s preliminary was the differentiation between the white and dark society. The mistake was being brought into the world with the qualities she acquired from both white guardians that conveyed dark family line, which came about in Sandra taking care of it; rather then her folks. For a large number of years the thought of having a place with some place or something was and still is a critical issue. The politically-sanctioned racial segregation period in South Africa started in 1652, with the settlement of Jan Van Rebecca. The locals were condemned for their language, which was jokingly alluded as ‘Hottentots’, likewise they were portrays to be the most reduced of the low[that they adapted] a missing connection among people and pees’. This prejudging of locals displayed, that the dark locals of the nation was a class whose shortcoming was innate. At the point when the outsiders showed up and watched the local dark individuals they made a Judgment on their conduct that all through their every day lives of working they were moderate individuals that needed vitality subsequently the outsiders presumed that their shortcoming was innate. Tolerating the local blacks for the Dutch outsiders was a hard breaking point, since they saw that blacks low and themselves predominant. Turning into a piece of a network that endured with high contrast skin shading discussion implied a danger was followed upon the people security, wellbeing and safe house likewise fusing that these elements are referenced in Measles Hierarchy of Needs as the most significant commitments for ones endurance. As the fake hindrances were expelled between financial classes, society was urged to manufacture natural boundaries, which permitted status to be administered by DNA. The most evident jobs of skin is the social mark it has on the person. Skin shade is acquired from our hereditary cosmetics, however those with an inappropriate qualities are set in a situation where it is almost difficult to escape from; known as the politically-sanctioned racial segregation time. By and large it is seen that ‘people with brown complexions are, in many spots, less effective, less solid and †maybe †less satisfied than those with light. Basically this announcement was separated from â€Å"In the Blood †God, Genes, Destiny’ by Steven Jones who expressed the overall population that idea along these lines. Therefore, expressing the conspicuous the dark individuals are the ones who brought freedom’ into today’s society. Huge figures, for example, Muhammad All, Michael Jordan, Malcolm X, Nelson Mandela and Susan Bolt have made the politically-sanctioned racial segregation issue a national issue and carried it to the acknowledgment of others to announce opportunity. Have a place with a gathering is an imperative need to each person. Be that as it may, having a place doesn’t accompany ease, it takes experimentation to succeed and keeping a receptive outlook to changes. Since the beginning it is clear to presume that keeping a receptive outlook and acknowledgment towards others around us will bring achievement and solace. Along these lines, on the off chance that we don’t gain from the past there will at present be discussion and prevalence sum bunches due over unscrupulous issues. Step by step instructions to refer to We just have a place since we figure we do, Papers

Should Parents Pay for College

Should Parents Pay for College: A Look at Financial StabilityMost personal finance gurus would tell you that saving for your kids college education is an admirable goal, but it shouldnt be your first priority.Before you ponder the should parents pay for college question, you need to make sure your financial house is in order.Typically, this involves having a suitable emergency fund, paying off your mortgage and other debts, acquiring three to six months of living expenses in a separate account, and having a proper retirement savings plan. Once those areas are covered, the answer to the should parents pay for college question can shift towards yes, as you are now stable enough to begin saving for those costs.However, even if you save adamantly, that still doesnt mean youll have the capacity to foot the entire bill. Estimates based on published tuition rates suggest that a four-year degree obtained at an in-state public university runs about $37,640, and thats just for tuition. It does nt cover other expenses that go along with getting a degree.The Total Cost of Going to CollegeAs discussed in a previous article, Why a Full Ride Scholarship Requires Much More Than Free College Tuition, there are a lot of expenses that come with a college education.Aside from tuition and fees, theres also room and board, books and supplies, and personal living expenses. Taken together, these costs can easily double (or more), the cost of pursuing higher education when compared to tuition alone.Add to that the fact that these expenses are almost always rising, and its no surprise that many parents cant cover it all.Multiple Children HouseholdsAnother hiccup regarding whether or not parents should pay for college occurs if you have more than one child. Even if you save fervently, you might not be able to cover the required expenses for all of your kids (especially at the above-mentioned $37,640 a pop), and that leaves you with an uncomfortable choice:You can work to pay as much towar ds your first students education as possible, potentially leaving the others with less financial support (if any).Divide up your savings and try to give each child an equal portion, making it less likely you can fully cover college expenses for any one of them.No parent wants to be in a position like that, especially if they arent able to save as much as maybe they would have liked.Getting Real About Paying for College Many adults struggle with the question should parents pay for college in regards to their children. And, why wouldnt they? Common convention often recommends adults with kids start saving for their future tuition needs, and some even forgo retirement planning to do it.Its not a surprise really. Parents often feel that their childrens needs should come first. Add to that the fact that their college years are often approaching faster than your retirement date, and you can see how these decisions are made.But is that the right choice? Should parents pay for college? Or, the bigger question, can they really afford to?The answer isnt cut and dry since every households financial situation is different. But the harsh reality is that many children are going to be responsible for some, if not all, of their college expenses.Parents shouldnt put themselves into dangerous financial territory just because they assume the answer to the should parents pay for college question is an automatic yes. Y ou shouldnt feel obligated if shouldering that expense is going to leave you in ruin.Before you begin putting your financial security on the back burner, here are some thoughts on the idea.Should Parents Pay for College: A Look at Financial StabilityMost personal finance gurus would tell you that saving for your kids college education is an admirable goal, but it shouldnt be your first priority.Before you ponder the should parents pay for college question, you need to make sure your financial house is in order.Typically, this involves having a suitable emergency fund, paying off your mortgage and other debts, acquiring three to six months of living expenses in a separate account, and having a proper retirement savings plan. Once those areas are covered, the answer to the should parents pay for college question can shift towards yes, as you are now stable enough to begin saving for those costs.However, even if you save adamantly, that still doesnt mean youll have the capacity to foot the entire bill. Estimates based on published tuition rates suggest that a four-year degree obtained at an in-state public university runs about $37,640, and thats just for tuition. It doesnt cover other expenses that go along with getting a degree.The Total Cost of Going to CollegeAs discussed in a previous article, Why a Full Ride Scholarship Requires Much More Than Free College Tuition, there are a lot of expenses that come with a college education.Aside from tuition and fees, theres also room and board, books and supplies, and personal living expenses. Taken together, these costs can easily double (or more), the cost of pursuing higher education when compared to tuition alone.Add to that the fact that these expenses are almost always rising, and its no surprise that many parents cant cover it all.Multiple Children HouseholdsAnother hiccup regarding whether or not parents should pay for college occurs if you have more than one child. Even if you save fervently, you might not be able to cover the required expenses for all of your kids (especially at the above-mentioned $37,640 a pop), and that leaves you with an uncomfortable choice:You can work to pay as much towards your first students education as possible, potentially leaving the others with less financial support (if any).Divide up your savings and try to give each child an equal portion, making it less likely you can fully cover college expenses for any one of them.No parent wants to be in a position like that, especially if they arent able to save as much as maybe they would have liked.Getting Real About Paying for CollegeIf you happen to have the financial means to pay for your childs (or childrens) college education, thats great! Some people do have enough financial stability to make that a reality.But, if trying to save up that much money could ruin you financially, the answer to the should parents pay for college question may need to be no.Even if that is the case, that doesnt mean your child has to be saddled with student loan debt or forgo getting a degree altogether. It just means you both need to take a different approach.First, be honest with your student about what you can and cant afford to do, and the earlier, the better. If your child was assuming that parents should pay for college and that they didnt need to take any responsibility towards managing these costs, then its better to inform them when there is plenty of time for alternatives.Once that is out of the way, you can move on to more productive discussions instead of focusing on the should parents pay for college topic.For example, you can go over the merits of going to a community college for the first two years to help bring the total cost of their education down. Not only will they learn the same material, but the transition may be easier as well.Its also the perfect time to start talking about scholarships.Did you know scholarship opportunities are available all year round? Well, its true!In fact, compet ition during the fall can actually be lower than other times of the year, making it an excellent time to start applying for these opportunities. And the number of scholarships accepting applications normally increases throughout the school year, giving them more chances to find the funds they need.Scholarships are fantastic when your child needs money for college! They dont have to be paid back, so your student isnt acquiring debt, and many of them can be used for more than just tuition, allowing them to handle some of the other expenses associated with a college education too.If you and your child want to learn more about When Your Child Should Start Applying for Scholarships, check out the article here: http://www.thescholarshipsystem.com/blog-for-students-families/when-your-child-should-start-applying-for-scholarships/You can also attend our free college scholarship webinar! Its a great way to learn about the scholarship process and how they can help your child finish their educa tion while limiting out-of-pocket expenses.With scholarships, it is possible to eliminate the need to ask the question should parents pay for college?Instead, they can have all the financial support they need from sources that want to help students earn their degree without any undue financial stress on them or their parents.And, in the end, doesnt that actually sound like the best solution you could ever hope to find?Overall, feeling like you need to completely foot the bill for college, even at the expense of your own retirement, is not recommended by most financial professionals.Here is what we recommended above:Get your own ducks in a row before putting money towards college, including emergency funds, paying off debt, and saving for retirement.Develop a plan as far as dividing any college savings up among multiple children.Re-focus the discussion with your children towards other solutions for paying for college such as trade schools, community college bridge programs, and schol arships to help reduce the burden.What did you decide with your children? What is your plan?Share with us below to help other families trying to figure it out!RECOMMENDED READINGIs Student Loan Debt Really Such a Bad Thing?75 Easy Ways to Save Money in CollegeHow to Get Money for College: 10-Point Checklist to Help Your Child

[podcast] How to Give a Gift of College Savings

Still searching for the perfect holiday gift for a future student? Well look no further! In this new podcast, Joe Hurley and I discuss why a contribution to a 529 plan can be a more meaningful gift for a child than a toy or cash. Tune in to this episode to learn about how the money you put away for college can grow in value over time, and whether it's best to donate directly to a child's existing account or open your own. Joe explains that as long as the funds are saved in a 529 account, they can typically be used to pay for any post-secondary school in any state. What's more, there are a number of plans that make it so easy to contribute; you'll wonder why you ever even considered going to the mall. Happy Holidays from Savingforcollege.com! Photo credit: Can Stock Photo Did you enjoy this podcast? Make sure to subscribe to our channel to hear more great college savings stories and tips! How College Savings Can Make a Great Gift Still searching for the perfect holiday gift for a future student? Well look no further! In this new podcast, Joe Hurley and I discuss why a contribution to a 529 plan can be a more meaningful gift for a child than a toy or cash. Tune in to this episode to learn about how the money you put away for college can grow in value over time, and whether it's best to donate directly to a child's existing account or open your own. Joe explains that as long as the funds are saved in a 529 account, they can typically be used to pay for any post-secondary school in any state. What's more, there are a number of plans that make it so easy to contribute; you'll wonder why you ever even considered going to the mall. Happy Holidays from Savingforcollege.com! Photo credit: Can Stock Photo Did you enjoy this podcast? Make sure to subscribe to our channel to hear more great college savings stories and tips! How College Savings Can Make a Great Gift

Gearing Ratio Dividends Decision and Working Capital - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 14 Words: 4123 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? SABMiller plc is one of the biggest brewers in the world. The company produces globally recognised brands as Pilsner Urquell, Peroni Nastro Azzurro, Grolsch, Miller Genuine Draft, etc., and is also one of the largest bottlers of Coca-Cola products. SABMillers main office is located in the City of Westminster, London. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is part of the FTSE 100 Index. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Gearing Ratio Dividends Decision and Working Capital" essay for you Create order History SABMiller has operations and distribution interests across six continents. The company was founded as South African Breweries (SAB) in South Africa in 1895, where the business operations were limited until 1995 with the entry into the European market acquiring Dreher in Hungary. After this, the group began to expand operations and/or distributions all around Europe. In 1999 the company began to be listed on the London Stock Exchange to raise capital for acquisitions. Thus, in 2002 the group purchased the Miller Brewing Company in North America from the Altria Group and added Miller to its original name. SABMiller expanded its operations to the Latin American market in 2005 with the acquisition of a major interest in Bavaria S.A., South Americas second largest brewer, in Colombia. Actually the group has operations in another five countries of Latin America, including El Salvador, Ecuador, Panama, Peru and Honduras. The next important acquisition in Europe was on 9 October 2007 when SABMiller and Molson Coors Brewing Company made a joint venture known as Miller Coors. It was followed by the acquisition of Royal Grolsch in Europe on 19 November 2007. Moreover, SABMiller has brewing operations in another 31 countries from the African continent, and in Asia where is the second-largest brewer in India, has ventures in Vietnam and Australia, and produces a Chinese brewer brand in partnership with China Resources Enterprise Limited. Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards SABMiller plc began to prepare its consolidated financial statements in accordance with IFRS from 1 April 2005. As the groups financial year represents the period from 1 April to 31 March, the first consolidated financial statement prepared in accordance with IFRS was for the 2006 financial year, because this includes comparatives for 2005. To be fully prepared for the transition in 2005 and for the first set of applicable financial statements for the year ending 31 March 2006, SABMiller established a project team involving representatives of businesses and functions to plan for and achieve a smooth transition to IFRS. The main effects of the adoption of IFRS that impact the groups 2005 published UK GAAP results included hedge accounting, accounting for embedded derivatives and other items as accounting for business combinations, pensions and post-retirement benefits, deferred tax, share-based payments, goodwill and the presentation of results of associates. 1. The companys gearing decision. Gearing Gearing ratio means the contribution of owners equity to borrowed funds. The ratio explains that how much amount in business is funded by the owner as against the borrowed funds. Gearing can also be defined as the ratio between the companys borrowing and owner equity. It is known as leverage. The interests cover or times interest earned and equity ratio are mostly common example of gearing ratio which is mostly used. Types of gearing ratio: Different types of gearing ratio are used to calculate the financial leverage of the company. The most commons way to calculate the gearing ratio is as follows: Long-term debt over total equity, or Long-term debt over long-term debt plus total equity By using the any above formula gearing ratio can be calculated which determine the financial leverage of the company. It tells us the level to which the firm performance is funded by creditor funds. Calculation of Gearing Ratio: The higher degree of gearing ratio or leverage of the company, the more company is measured risky. Company with high gearing ratio is more at risk whatever the situation company must carry on their services to its debt apart from that how bad sale are. A larger quantity of equity provides a cushion and is look like calculate of financial strength. Gearing ratio can be obtained by dividing long term liabilities with shareholder equity. The formula is given as below Gearing Ratio of SABMILLER We calculated the gearing ratio of SABMiller for four year by using the above formula and the result are shown below Appendix1 Calculation of Gearing Ratios Years 2007 2008 2009 2010 Long-term Liabilities 4,666 6,064 7,612 7,794 Shareholder equity 7,345 8,821 10,734 13,358 Gearing ratios % 75.62 80.50 85.24 66.41 The gearing ratio of the year 2007,2008,2009,2010 is 75.62, 80.50, 85.24, and 66.41 respectively. We took the figures of long-term liabilities and shareholder equity from the annual report of the company. The calculation of gearing ratio taken from the FAME. Historical background Miller and Modigliani derived the theorem and wrote their path breaking article when they were both professors at the Graduate School of Industrial Administration (GSIA) of Carnegie Mellon University. In contrast to most other business schools, GSIA put an emphasis on an academic approach to business question. The story goes that Miller and Modigliani were set to teach corporate finance for business students despite the fact that they had no prior experience in corporate finance. When they read the material that existed they found it inconsistent so they sat down together to try to figure it out. The result of this was the article in the American Economic Review and what has later been known as the MM theorem. Modigliani and Miller The Modigliani-Miller theory (1958) forms the basis for modern thinking on Capital structure. The theory states that in a perfect world, in the absence of taxes, bankruptcy costs, and asymmetric information, the value of a firm is unaffected by how that firm is financed. It does not matter if the firms capital is raised by issuing stock or selling debt. Therefore there is no optimal capital structure. Propositions: Originally this theory was proven under no tax assumption. Two propositions constitute this theory which can be extended to a situation with taxes sometimes .e.g. consider two identical firms but with different financial structures. The first firm i.e.U is unlevered; it is only financed by equity. The second firm i.e. L. is levered; it is partly financed by debt and partly by equity. The Modigliani-Miller theorem states that the value of the two firms is the same. Modigliani and Millers without tax In 1958, Modigliani and miller assumed that the company is a perfect capital market and ignoring taxation where the working capital and market value are remains constant at all levels of gearing . As a result company having financial risk if the company gears up, the working capital decrease which is caused by having a greater amount of cheaper debt is exactly offset by the increase in the WACC as well as an increase cost of equity. Therefore a company cannot reduce its WACC by altering its gearing. As gearing increases, the financial risk to shareholders increases, therefore Keg increases. Benefits of cheaper debt increase in Keg due to increasing financial risk. The WACC, the total value of the company and shareholder wealth are constant and unaffected by gearing levels. No optimal capital structure exists. (WATON D and Head A, Corporate Finance: Principles and Practice, 4th edition, FT Prentice Hall) Modigliani and Millers with taxes In 1963, when Modigliani and miller admitted corporate tax into their analysis, their conclusion altered dramatically. As debt became even cheaper (due to the tax relief on interest payments), cost of debt falls significantly from Kd to Kd(1-t). Thus, the decrease in the WACC (due to the even cheaper debt) is now greater than the increase in the WACC (due to the increase in the financial risk/Keg). The WACC falls as gearing increases. Therefore, if a company wishes to reduce its WACC, it should borrow as much as possible. Benefits of cheaper debt increase in Keg due to increasing financial risk. Companies should therefore borrow as much as possible. Optimal capital structure is 99.99% debt finance. (BREALEY and Myers, Principles of Corporate Finance, 6th edition, McGraw Hill) Conventional theory: If there is only the cost of equity capital WACC begins. Because the capital is replaced by cheaper borrowing money more expensive, WACC decreases. However, since the debt will increase further, both debt holders and shareholders observe a higher risk, they may need to increase revenue for both. Inevitably, WACC should be increased to a certain extent. This predicts that there is an optimal ratio of capital to which the WACC is the minimum. Bankruptcy cost The Companys Bankruptcy cost is including the cost of trustees fees, legal fees and other cost of reorganisation whereas the dead weight loss is incurred the firms value discounted value of the expected cash flow from operation. In 1977 WAENER measured the direct cost of bankruptcy in railroads (1933-1955). There are assumed that Modigliani and Miller is perfect capital market thus, the company would able to raise the fund and avoid bankruptcy. But in the real world a biggest drawback of the companies is their high level of debt which could backfires if they default to pay the rate of interest and in consequence company faced bankruptcy and this bankruptcy risk convey to shareholder and debt-holders. It is noted that shareholder suffer a high degree of bankruptcy risk as they come last in the creditors hierarchy on liquidation. However the debt and equity increase the Working Capital while it is reduce the companys share price. It also gives high level of gearing if it is modified wi th-tax model and then an optimal capital structure appears with below the 99.99% level of debt which is previously recommended. Evidence seems to support the view that capital structure trades off tax shield gains against bankruptcy costs (SEE JU, PARRINO, WEISBACH, JFQA, 2005).Optimal capital structure take on increasing amounts of debt finance until the marginal gain from the debt finance is equal to the marginal cost of expected bankruptcy Pecking order theory The pecking order theory is explained an optimal capital structure by studying the trade-off between the return and drawback of debt finance. In this approach, there is no search for an optimal capital structure. Companies cleanly pursue a recognized pecking order which permitted them to move up finance in the most competent way, the order is as follows: (Power T Walsh S O Meara P, Financial Management, Gill Macmillan) Use of retained earnings available for all issue debt; Then issue equity, as a last resort The justifications that support the pecking order there are three: companies want to reduce the cost issue Companies will want to reduce the time and expense involved convincing investors outside the merit of the project.. the existence of asymmetrical information, and are expected to exchange information, which management actions MYERS (1984) ARGUES firms diverge significantly from long-run target capital structures owing to preference to fund investment internally. One of the pecking orders comes into the theory that we have reason to expect that very profitable firms would borrow at least, because they have a higher retained earnings finance investment projects. Baskin (1989) found a negative correlation between high profits and high levels of leverage. This finding is contrary to the idea of the existence of an optimal capital structure and provides strong expertise offered by the pecking order theory. Agency Costs An Agency costs are known as the principal-agent problem. Most of the largest finance providers companies actively they are not able to manage the company. In effect the company need to employ an agents which are not possible way to measure the equity or debt- holders. If the company want to invest in high return project by raise fund from debt holder where the level of company performance are satisfactory than shareholders action could potential. Because they would get share from higher level of return otherwise they would feel less interest to invest their money in high risk of project. But debt holder would not get a share of the higher returns since their returns are not dependent on company performance. Therefore debt-holder often imposes restrictive covenants in the loan agreements for limit managements freedom of action. These agreements would: limit the further debt, set a target gearing ratio and current ratio. restrict the excessive dividends control the disposal of major assets or manage the type of activity the company may engage in. as gearing increases, the debt holder would include more obligation on companys freedom of operating and investment flexibility which may lead to a reducing share price and it is not acceptable by management. Thus, they generally limit the level of gearing to limit the level of restrictions on them. (J.M. Samuels, F.M. Wilkes and R.E Brayshaw, Financial Management Decision Making). Interpretation: The company seemed followed MM theory and the long-term borrowing had constant increment. Based on the 2007- 2009, and the ratios increased from 75.62% to 85.24%. In spite of 2009, the gearing ratio dropped to 66.41%, the debt still on an increased trend and the total long-term borrowing increased from $2915 million in 2007 to $7809million in 2009. Whereas according to Pecking Order, the retained earnings should be the most favourable finance for the company, however, SABMiller seemed not a case. The companys retained holdings was not utilized as the priority of the finance, by contrast, their main funding were from debt instead. Therefore it seems that SABMiller has some bankruptcy cost and agency cost. 2. The companys dividend decision. Dividends Dividend is the distribution of value to shareholders. Dividends represent drawings by the shareholders of the company. Dividends are paid out of the revenue reserves and should be deducted from these reserves (usually retained earnings) when preparing the balance sheet. Shareholders are often paid an annual dividend, perhaps in two parts. An interim dividend may be paid part way through the year and a final dividend shortly after the year end. Dividend Policy: Dividend policy (1961) defines as the rules and regulation to provide dividend payment of companies shareholders. A specific dividend policy gives a high level of advantage of the company and its shareholders. Because it is determine the impact of business operation in terms of different number of test scenarios and therefore company should have an efficient dividend policy to attract the shareholder for further invest in business. There are two dividend policy company could adopt such as: Dividend irrelevance Theory: Miller and Modiglianis (1958, 1961) Dividend irrelevant theory specify a frictionless market with a fixed investment policy, all feasible capital structure and dividend policies are optimal because all imply identical stockholder wealth, and so the choice among them is irrelevant. In the other sense irrelevant dividend policy is absence of taxes and transaction costs in perfect capital market which could not effect on shareholder value or stock price. There are three cases M M irrelevant policy does not affect on the shareholders value when company may need cash or company necessarily to sell share to raise fund to paid shareholder or when shareholder desire to get cash. The effect of any dividend policy can offset by management adjusting the sale of new stock or investors adjusting their dividend stream through stock purchases or sales. Dividend Relevance Theory: The dividend relevance theory was anticipated by Myron J.Gordon and John Lintner. They suggested that investors are generally risk averse and would rather have dividends today (bird-in-the-hand) than possible share appreciation and dividends tomorrow. This theory is opposite of MM Dividend irrelevant theory and dividend policy affect on the share price and it ensure that shareholders wealth is maximize. The SABMiller Plc has an effective dividend policy which is as follows: Dividend Policy of SABMiller Plc: In SAB plcs listing particulars dated 1 March 1999, the directors stated their intention to adopt a new dividend policy. This would take account of the Groups underlying performance; the opportunities for the profitable investment of retained profits; and would maintain an appropriate level of dividend cover, considering, among other factors, the level of dividend cover generally maintained by FT-SE All-Share companies and the Groups peers in the international alcoholic beverages sector. In the light of these statements, and having regard to the level of dividends paid by SAB Ltd in the past, the directors have determined to move the dividend cover in the medium term from the prior years approximately 1.8 times, to a range of 2.2 to 2.5. Taxation: There is no impact on shareholders which are companies. However, taxation can distort investment decisions by individuals, residents of the UK. Britain there are two kinds of taxes which are: capital gains tax and income tax. Income tax for greater shareholder influence (taxes @ 40%), which is why they prefer the capital gains which are taxed 18%. Low band, taxpayers can take advantage of the dividend tax @ 20%. Deferred tax is recognised on the unremitted earnings of overseas subsidiaries where there is an intention to distribute those reserves. A deferred tax liability of US$31 million (2009: US$16 million) has been recognised. A deferred tax liability of US$ 46 million (2009: US$29 million) has also been recognised in respect of unremitted profits of associates where a dividend policy is not in place. There are not any further details given in the Annual report 2010 and FAME or Companies website. Dividends declare over the years: As the group reports in US dollars, dividends are declared in US dollars. They are payable in south African rand to shareholders on the south African register, in US dollars to shareholders on the UK register with a address in the United States (unless mandated otherwise), and in sterling to all remaining shareholders on the UK section of the register. Appendix 2 Dividends paid years Total Dividends Adjusted diluted Earnings per Share Dividend per share Millions Cents 2006 520 108.4 44 2007 681 119.3 50 2008 769 142.4 58 2009 877 136.8 58 2010 924 160.4 68 The board has proposed a final dividend of 51 US cents to make a total of 68 US cents per share for the year- an increase of 17% from the prior year. This represents a dividend cover of 2.4 times based on adjusted earnings per share, as described above (2009: 2.4 times). The groups guideline is to achieve dividend cover of between 2.0 and 2.5 times adjusted earnings. The relationship between the growth in dividends and adjusted earnings per share is demonstrated in picture below. In addition, the directors are proposing a final dividend of 42.0 US cents per share in respect of the financial year ended 31 March 2009, which will absorb an estimated US$631 million of shareholders funds. If approved by shareholders, the dividend will be paid on 28 August 2009 to shareholders registered on the London and Johannesburg Registers on 21 august 2009. The total dividend per share for the year is 58.0 US cents (2008: 58.0 US cents). Dividend Announcement and Market Impact of SABMiller Plc: The SABMiller Plc dividend declared on 1st December 2010 which is 20 cents US per share( Financial Time) however the board of SABMiller Plc declared a interim dividend of US 0.195 per share which is payable on 10 December 2010 to their shareholders who is registered on the London and Johannesburg stock exchange. According to the last report on February 2011 we found that the SABMiller company the fourth quarter and full year ended December 2010 shows companys net income increased by 38% of $146 Million for fourth quarter and 21.9 % of $1.087 Million for full year which is favourable for positive pricing , band mix and an effective cost management. Leo Kiely the chief executive of SABMiller Plc comment that : We continue to invest in innovation behind our premium light brands, drive growth in our craft and import portfolio and deliver synergy and cost savings as promised and Our consistent focus generated positive net revenue per barrel growth for the fourth quarter. We are building brand equity and improving our mix to meet the challenges ahead in 2011. Interpretation: It is assumed that SABMiller Plc is practicing MM irrelevant dividend theory. Because the market is competitive however from the appendix 2 we can see that their dividend per share gone up over the five year whereas dividend per share growth increasing except 2009. In 2010 dividend per growth is 17.24% and dividend yield ratio is 2.30% which indicated company are concerned to reinvest of their profit. 3. The Companys management of working capital Working capital: Working capital is a financial tool which helps toÂÂ  measure of both companys efficiency and its short-term financial health. If working capital of the firm is in positive value it means company is efficient and healthy. But if working capital of the firm is in negative value that means company is unable to meet its short-term liabilities with its current assets e.g. cash, accounts receivable and inventory. The working capital also known as net working capital. If a company current assets remain lower than its current liabilities, then the company would be in problem in paying back to its creditors the short term. The worst possibility is bankruptcy. Calculating Working Capital: The following formula is use to calculate the working capital of company. By looking at the working capital position, we can predict the future financial difficulties. Even a business whos fixed assets worth more than billions of dollars can bankrupt if unable to pay its monthly bills. Poor working capital i.e.: increase borrowing and delayed payments to creditor can build pressure on the financial position of a company which ultimately lower its credit rating. Consequently a company has to pay more money due to its lower credit rating as bank charge higher interest rate. Negative Working Capital Can Be a Good Thing for High Turn Businesses Negative working capital indicated that companies high inventory turns and business operated by a cash basis where working capital not as much. That means company can raise money any time then turn around and plough that money back into inventory to increase the sales .if financial crisis arise for the short period of time management can stockpile the proceed from their daily. Therefore there is not necessary a large amount of working capital since the cash could arise quickly. Working Capital of SABMiller PLC: The following tables showed the working capital of SABMiller Plc for five years. Appendix3 years current assets current liabilities working capital WC ratio 2006 2829 4865 -2036 58.15005 2007 2989 5717 -2728 52.28267 2008 4127 6203 -2076 66.53232 2009 3472 5345 -1873 64.9579 2010 3895 5977 -2082 65.16647 As we know working capital of SABMiller Plc is in extremely negative which is not good for the investors and financial institution. The above data is taken from annual report and financial statement links for these above figures are being given in the end of assignment (Internet Reference). Analyses of working capital using ratios: Ratio Analysis enables the business owner/manager to spot trends in a business and to compare its performance and condition with the average performance of similar businesses in the same industry. To do this compare your ratios with the average of businesses similar to yours and compare your own ratios for several successive years, watching especially for any unfavourable trends that may be starting. Ratio analysis may provide the all-important early warning indications that allow you to solve your business problems before your business is destroyed by them. Balance Sheet Ratio Analysis: Balance sheet ratios measure liquidity and solvency (a businesss ability to pay its bills as they come due) and leverage (the extent to which the business is dependent on creditors funding). They include the following ratios: The financial ratio analysis by Meir Liraz Current Ratios: The Current Ratios is one of the best known measures of financial strength. Its formula is If you feel your businesss current ratio is too low, you may be able to raise it by: Paying some debts. Increasing your current assets from loans or other borrowings with a maturity of more than one year. Increasing your current assets from new equity contributions. Putting profits back into the business Converting non-current assets into current assets. Quick Ratios: The quick ratio is sometimes called the acid-test ratio and is one of the best measures of liquidity. It is known as liquidity ratio. The quick ratio is a much more exacting measure than the current ratio. By excluding inventories, it concentrates on the really liquid assets, with value that is fairly certain. The SABMiller Plcs Ratio Appendix 4 SABMiller Plc Consolidated Balance Sheet 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 m m Total Current Assets 3895.00 3472.00 4135.00 2989.00 2829.00 Total Current liabilities 9204.00 7745.00 6257.00 5157.00 4865.00 Inventories 1295.00 1241.00 1362.00 928.00 878.00 Current Ratio 0.4231 0.4482 0.660 0.5796 0.5815 Quick Ratio 0.2824 0.2880 0.4431 0.3996 0.401 Form the Appendix 5 it noticeable that the SABMiller Plcs current ratio is not favourable and it indicated that company are not capable to pay their obligation whereas their quick ratio is favourable cause it decrease 0.2880 to 0.2824% by 2010 compare than 2009. Conclusion The SABMiller plc is one of the leading brewers who operating across six continents. The report approached their financial performance and risk Analysis with theatrical impact. According to 2010 financial report group revenue up 4 %( US$8,330 million) and EBITA up 6% with margin growth of 30 basis points (bps) driven by robust pricing and cost efficiency as well as they also gain in share market. They have strong cash flow of $2010M with dividend per share up 17%. However The SABMiller Plcs working capital is not favourable and company enjoying a high level of debt risk.

Dissociation Reaction Definition and Examples

A dissociation reaction is a chemical reaction  in which a compound breaks apart into two or more components. The general formula for a dissociation reaction follows the form: AB → A B Dissociation reactions are usually reversible chemical reactions. One way to recognize a dissociation reaction is when there is only one reactant  but multiple products. Key Takeaways When writing out an equation, be sure to include the ionic charge if there is one. This is important. For example, K (metallic potassium) is very different from K (potassium ion).Dont include water as a reactant when compounds dissociate into their ions while dissolving in water. While there are a few exceptions to this rule, for most situations you should use aq to indicate an aqueous solution. Dissociation Reaction Examples When you write a dissociation reaction in which a compound breaks into its component ions, you place charges above the ion symbols and balance the equation for both mass and charge. The reaction in which water breaks into hydrogen and hydroxide ions is a dissociation reaction. When a molecular compound undergoes dissociation into ions, the reaction can also be called ionization. H2O → H OH- When acids undergo dissociation, they produce hydrogen ions. For example, consider the ionization of hydrochloric acid: HCl → H(aq) Cl-(aq) While some molecular compounds such as  water and acids form electrolytic solutions, most dissociation reactions involve ionic compounds in water, or aqueous solutions. When ionic compounds dissociate, water molecules break apart the ionic crystal. This occurs because of the attraction between the positive and negative ions in the crystal and the negative and positive polarity of water. In a written equation, youll usually see the state of matter of the species listed in parentheses following the chemical formula: s for solid, l for liquid, g for gas, and aq for aqueous solution. Examples include: NaCl(s) → Na(aq) Cl-(aq)Fe2(SO4)3(s) → 2Fe3(aq) 3SO42-(aq)

Why Are Nonverbal And Listening Essay - 1512 Words

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Affirmative Action - 774 Words

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Affirmative Action is an action or policy designed to protect specific groups who suffer from discrimination, and provide them with programs and special opportunities. These government or private programs were designed to set right historical injustices towards the members of these groups who have suffered things like employment and e ducational disadvantages from racial discriminationRead More Affirmative Action Essay787 Words   |  4 PagesAffirmative action- a plan to offset past discrimination in employing or educating women, blacks etc. (Websters New World Dictionary.) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The history of affirmative action has its roots in the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and stems from the United States Supreme case of Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas. In 1965, President Linden B. Johnson issued Executive Order #11246 at Howard University that required federal contractors to undertake affirmative action to

Nursing Essay Health and Welfare of Australia

Question: Describe about the Nursing Essay for Health and Welfare of Australia. Answer: Introduction: The first inhabitants of the country of Australia are the Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islander people. They are two cultural and original people of the country. The Federal government of Australia has identified the Aboriginals as the people who are the descendants of Aboriginals or are identified as Aboriginals or are accepted by the community as aboriginals. The Torres Strait Islanders are the people who came from the strait of Torres which is geographically located in the middle of Cape York tip and Papua New Guinea. Both of the tribes have their own cultural diversity. These people are referred to as indigenous people. The people from the rest of the world have entered into Australia and started to settle down there and these indigenous people became endangered. These people need the support from the government for their livelihood and health issues. These people have to struggle a lot for their existence (Humanrights, 2016). The essay is all about these two diverse groups in Australia and the discussion is related to the current and the historical events and the ways through which they have impacted on the known factors of risk in each of the cultural groups. The essay also discusses the health care policies and provisions of service that have motivated health outcomes for each indigenous group (Humanrights, 2008). In this essay, another group of people is being discusses that is the Chinese Australian community of people. They are the Chinese immigrants those immigrated into Australia many years ago and are considered as the biggest Chinese colony in Oceania. They are now the citizens of Australia but their ancestry and origin is China(Racism No Way, 2012). Discussion: Current and historical events and how they have impacted on known risk factors in each cultural group: The native people need the support and assistance of the governing bodies. It is seen that when the people from different corners of the world have settled down in Australia the native people had to struggle for their livelihood and existence. The origin of the Aboriginals is not known with certainty. Some of the studies have said that they were the nomads of Africa and Siberia. Thousands of years ago these people had entered into Australia and became the fist inhabitants of Australia. Some of the researches have claimed that the Aboriginal culture is almost 400000 years old (Korff J. , 2016 ). There has been a history talking about the Aboriginals being slaved. The workers of this clan were treated even badly than the animals. They were given huge loads of work but paid even less than 3% of the wage of the white skinned workers. They were exploited by the white skinned people and colour and racial discriminations were highly prominent. The Queensland Trust used to pay for their well beings but that had never reached the hands of the workers and their families. In the year 1949 the government had announced that these workers would be given 66% of the wages of the white skinned workers but there were many evidences which showed that only 31% was given in real. They were not given proper food and health care. They were even traded as commodities. They were brutally treated and they were not independent (Korff, 2016). The people of Torres Strait Islands are the native people of Australia. The Islanders have been living in the islands from thousands of years and there are almost 100 islands where these people live. There is no such evidence reflecting brutal and pathetic history like that of the Aboriginals. But they were also not allowed to live as the non-indigenous people and to lead a privileged life. They were not privileged in the educational grounds. They had a tough lifestyle and they had to struggle for their livelihood. They are believed to be Melanesian people. They are quite different from the Aboriginals. They were also given the lower standard of living. They were economically backward. There was high rate of discrimination of income and health care. They did not have money for their personal care. But things have changed as time passed in. In the present scenario of Australia there are still these people. They are associated with the present of the country. There had been many changes in the culture of these people. In the recent time these people get the privilege of the normal lifestyle and they are also given proper health support. They are given the opportunities to go to the schools and take education. The slavery is absolutely abolished and they are counted among the privileged with equal rights in every sector (Keenan, 2012). Both the Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders are now treated in equitable platform with the other non-indigenous people. They are given equal health support and educational backgrounds and they are also treated with the other people of the country. There have been many of the employment programs specially designed for these indigenous people. These provisions help them with the needful financial support so that they could lead a respectful and normal lifestyle. But many of recent studie s have claimed that these people are still economically retarded people in the society of Australia. They are more used to with the health care provisions provided to them with the state and national government. The differences in the income levels of these people have made them to restrict to the public health care institutions. In the 19th century, the Chinese Australians were mainly employed as the labour force in the country and they were being racially and culturally discriminated. They also faced the language barriers and the other citizens of the country did not mix very well with them. But, from that time till today this Chinese Australian community has proved their worth by becoming one of the most highly educated and established communities in Australia today. The history of this community dates back to the 19th and the early 20th centuries. During those times, China was facing several issues like famines, civil unrest, military defeats and even foreign occupations. This led to insecurity and feeling of unsafeness in the people of the country and therefore many of them started to leave their homeland and migrated into countries like the US and Australia in hope of a better future and living(Racism No Way, 2012). The history dates back to 1803 when the first Chinese born settler named Ahuto who was a carpenter. When the gold mines were discovered in Australia, then the volume of the Chinese e migration increased. In the year 1856, around 12,396 Chinese immigrants entered into Australia and formed their colonies. The majority of such people were employed as labourers by the native Australians. The immigration also brought several risk factors like the racism and oppressions on these Chinese immigrants manifold. They were even used as slaves by many and not considered to be a part of the country. They were initially treated like outcastes. They also brought with them certain diseases indigenous to China that was also a cause of concern for the native people of Australia and a major factor of distancing themselves from these Chinese Australians. How health care policies and service provision have influenced health outcomes for each cultural group: The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanderpeople were having various kinds of health issues which were bothering them since their origin. Since the aboriginal or the indigenous people of Australia were not having the exposure to the modern amenities and facilities of healthcare as they were very old tribes of the country and they were also being considered to be alienated from the civilized people of the society, they were not receiving the proper healthcare services and as a result of this many of the diseases were spreading like epidemic among them. Few of these diseases are the gum diseases, chronic cardiovascular diseases and terminal diseases like cancer. The aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanderpeople are the oldest and actual native people of the Australian continent. They are on the continent since generations and in the early days when the continent was found. Later on immigrants from different parts of the world began to migrate into Australia and they became the citizens of the country(Abs, 2011). The indigenous people were feeding on the raw meat of the various wild and domestic animals many years ago when they were the only major race in the country. Therefore they started to develop the gum diseases due to the lack of proper hygiene. The raw meat and flesh used to be deposited at the base of their teeth and gums and remained stuck there as there was no proper brushing like we have today. These raw flesh and meat used to decompose and cause bacteria and virus infestation. These were causing health hazards for them. The gums were bleeding and sometimes the gum diseases became so severe that it resulted in the decomposition of the major part of the gums which even caused the death of many of the tribesmen. The other diseases which were prevalent among them were the cardiovascular, coronary diseases, cataracts, renal failures, cot deaths, hypertensions and some forms of cancer like the lung and intestinal cancer. There were many cases of disabilities and mental health issues al so. All these diseases were very serious at that time because there was no modern facility of healthcare system during that time as a result of which many of the Aboriginal and the Torres Island People began to die(Abs, 2013). As the days passed by and the threshold of the modern era began to creep in, these tribesmen began to get more of exposure into the civilized world as more and more people began to migrate into the continent from different parts of the world. They began to develop the civilization in the modern ways and the aboriginal people were slowly getting in contact with them although they were treated like the outcastes by the people of the modern society. They were not even thought to be human beings by many of the people of the modern society. This often resulted into conflicts between the two. Gradually, the government of Australia understood the importance of these indigenous tribes and realized that they were the true inhabitants of the continent of Australia and therefore, the government should deal with them in a fair and humane manner such that these people also receive the modern facilities and amenities and try to become much civilized(Healthinfonet, 2015). The phases for the development of these people and providing them with the modern access to healthcare began in the 2000 and since 2008 these two tribes have access to the various types of the medical and hospital services whenever it was required. The data collected in 2010, showed that the 62% households of these tribes have access to the Aboriginal healthcare services, 74% of these tribes can have access to the hospitals in the urban areas whereas 63% of these tribes in the remote areas can have access to this healthcare services. The 82% of these tribes in the urban areas can have access to the healthcare clinics and 69% from the remote areas. It is also known that around 84% of these tribes now can have access to the modern pharmacies and chemists and for the remote areas this figure stands at 50%(Aihw, 2011). Therefore, it can be said that the modern people belonging to these tribes have very good access to the healthcare infrastructure and all kinds of amenities and facilities and they are also being treated well by the modern civilized people of the country. It was also observed that just over 1/4th of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoplethose were of the age of 15 years or above were having problems in getting some of these healthcare services in the form of very long queuing times and medical expenses. These problems were mainly observed at the doctors, hospitals and the dentists where 10%, 7% and 20% of the adults, respectively were facing these problems. The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peopleof the modern Australian society are having access to the child care services also along with the other community facility and services. Besides exposure to the modern healthcare facilities, they were also being made available to the following services: emergency services which are available to the almost 80% of the households, the facilities of police stations those are available to the 83% of their tribal population, school bus services which are available to 83% of households in the urban areas and 61% of the households in the remote areas. It was also observed that around 14% of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander parents of children ranging from newborns to 12 years were in need of better formal child care. In the remote areas the facilities of child care are still limited due to which the formal care of the children was not sufficiently resorted by the parents. Around 40% of the children in the urban areas needed more formal care of parents and around 31% of the children in the remote areas were not able to undertake formal child care properly due to the high costs of such care(Healthinfonet, 2013). In the 19th century and the early 20th century when the Chinese immigrants were rushing into Australia in hope of better living and security, they were not very well treated by the native people of the country and other ethnical groups of the country. They were not duly provided the various facilities of the community like social security, healthcare services, etc. There was extreme racism. These Chinese people were prone to various kinds of health hazards like cancer, cardiovascular diseases, ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease. The major types of cancers that this community of people suffered from were stomach, liver, intestinal, rectum and lung cancers. The Chinese Australians had a belief that they would be examined mainly by practitioners of their own ancestry that is Chinese. This is also one of the reasons why they refused to avail the healthcare services provided by the native Australians. However, in the modern era there have been certain policies for the Chinese Australians from the government. However, it can be said that there is evidence that the use of the public health services and hospitals are low in case of Chinese Australians. This is owing to the mentality of these people who tend to trust the Chinese practitioners only. The major barriers those were identified by researches conducted on the Chinese Australians are lack of proper interpreter services, very low use of the cancer preventive services like the Pap smear and screening of the breasts. Other barriers include the lack of awareness about the ethnic health workers and their existence. However, there has been improvement of these barriers since the 1990s and the government has designed several strategies to ensure that these people are treated as good as the normal residents of the country and the barriers such as problems in accessing services of mental health, communication problems, very low litera cy of mental health, discrimination, issues about confidentiality and stigma are eradicated(Queensland Health Multicultural Services, 2011). Conclusion: To conclude this essay it can be said that the Aboriginal and the Torres Island People are the indigenous and the fast inhabitants of the island continent of Australia. They are the main strongholds of the country which was later on populated by the various immigrants coming from different parts of the world. Therefore, it is the basic duty and responsibility of the government of the country to take care of the needs and wellbeing of the original inhabitants of the country. They were since long underprivileged and were not exposed to the modern amenities and facilities those the civilized society of the country was blessed with. They had their own socio-cultural-politico-economical issues which were not given due importance until this millennium. The essay also reflected the history, background and health related services those are offered to the Chinese Australian people and the major risk factors those are associated with them. The government of Australia has undertaken many projects and campaigns since the advent of the new millennium to provide much advanced healthcare and other community facilities to these two of the most ancient tribes of Australia. Today, it can be said that these tribes are getting the proper exposure to every amenity and facility of the society like any other people and this has reduced the cases of health issues which are now much controlled owing to the availability of medical services to these tribal groups. They are now sharing the same amenities, facilities, infrastructural and technological prowess along with the common citizens of the country although there are opportunities for further development and improvement in these services. Nevertheless, the government of the country needs to be credited for assuming a responsible approach to ensure that these two groups of the oldest inhabitants and residents of the country are not wiped out from the land and they can be considered as equally important human assets with the civilized society of Australia. References: Abs. (2011). 4704.0 - The Health and Welfare of Australia's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples, Oct 2010. Retrieved October 23, 2016, from abs.gov.au: https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/lookup/4704.0Chapter930Oct+2010 Abs. (2013). 4727.0.55.001 - Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survey: First Results, Australia, 2012-13. Retrieved Occtober 23, 2016, from abs.gov.au: https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/products/6E0B21BA32AB4B8ACA257C2F001461C0?OpenDocument Aihw. (2011). The health and welfare of Australia's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people 2011. Retrieved October 23, 2016, from aihw.gov.au: https://www.aihw.gov.au/indigenous-observatory/health-and-welfare/ Healthinfonet. (2013). Factors contributing to Indigenous health. Retrieved October 23, 2016, from healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au: https://www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au/states-territories-home/wa/reviews/our-review/health-risk-factors Healthinfonet. (2015). Summary of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health. Retrieved October 23, 2016, from healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au: https://www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au/health-facts/summary Humanrights. (2008, march 20). Close the Gap: Indigenous Health Equality Summit - Statement of Intent. Retrieved from humanrights: https://www.humanrights.gov.au/publications/close-gap-indigenous-health-equality-summit-statement-intent Humanrights. (2016). Questions and Answers about Aboriginal Torres Strait Islander Peoples. Retrieved October 23, 2016, from humanrights: https://www.humanrights.gov.au/publications/questions-and-answers-about-aboriginal-torres-strait-islander-peoples#q1 Keenan, S. (2012, january 26). Aboriginal Australians are part of the country's present not just its past. Retrieved from theguardian: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/jan/26/aboriginal-australians-australia-day Korff. (2016, june 24). Was there ever Aboriginal slavery in Australia? Retrieved from creativespirits: https://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/history/australia-has-a-history-of-aboriginal-slavery Korff, J. (2016 , october 9). How old is Aboriginal culture? Retrieved from creativespirits: https://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/history/how-old-is-aboriginal-culture Queensland Health Multicultural Services. (2011). Chinese Australians . Retrieved from health.qld.gov.au: https://www.health.qld.gov.au/multicultural/health_workers/Chinese2011.pdf Racism No Way. (2012). Australian Communities: Chinese Australians. Retrieved from racismnoway: https://www.racismnoway.com.au/teaching-resources/factsheets/74.html

The Problems and Solutions of Overcrowding free essay sample

Unemployment issue can cause potential dangers, for example, psychological problem of individual, to the society. Particularly crimes are often caused by long-term unemployment or underemployment. Since everyone living in cities needs services such as banking, rental, health care, training, food and drink, so government can proactively create the potential job market to help individual find a job which can feed him at least. Virtually Service industrial is a very huge market and in developed countries usually covers more than two-thirds of its GDP.Developing countries could learn the experience from developed countries. Furthermore, developed countries also can absorb part of labor force in developing ones. â€Å"Traditionally, rich MDCs could experience skilled labor shortages and welcome capital and talent coming from ‘emerging rich’ LDCs† (Brunn et al, 1983, p508). Thirdly, governments should invest more money into the public transport to relieve the current traffic jams, and encourage people to take bus by decreasing the ticket price. We will write a custom essay sample on The Problems and Solutions of Overcrowding or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Subway is another more efficient for commuting and city authority should invest more to add the network of subway.Then people driving private cars will reduce car usage and choose subways to save time. Besides, there are many solutions to solve all sorts of overcrowding problems. Each overcrowded city has its own history and reasons, so it may need different ideas and ways to resolve them. For example, as for environment, according to Cellwall (2011), Plantagon showed an example of its urban industrial park, exactly like ‘vertical ’farm, which produces crops backed by smart systems. This is a positive example for overcrowded city to reduce the green-house emission.Until now, people always blame the overcrowded cities, referring all problems to the cities themselves, and it seems there would be no any advantage to cities. However, â€Å"blaming cities misses the point that they can be potential solutions as places where high living standards are achieved with much lower levels of greenhouse gas emissions per person. † (Satterthwaite, 2010). Actually modern cities have good financing and talent resources to solve problems mentioned above to reduce the influences caused by overcrowding. As scientific technologies are introduced, city ecosystem may go back to normal.To conclude, overcrowding is a critical issue for the world which causes many serious problems such as housing, transport, jobs and air quality, etc. Governments must take relevant actions and measures to tackle these issues by making a dramatic investment shift. Furthermore, people must be responsible for this critical situation and try to do more in daily life to relieve the overcrowding and then can live in comfortable cities in the future. Reference list Brunn, S. D. , Williams, J. F. , Bonine, M. E. (1983). Cities of the world: World regional urban development. New York: Harper Row. Cerwall, P.